WALLS- TYPES, FEATURES AND DESIGN CONCEPT

Walls- Types, Features and Design Concept

FUNCTION  OF WALLS
  • To provide protection from weather, animal
  • To divide the areas
  • Act as sound barriers
  • As fire walls to attenuate the spread of fire from one building unit to another
  • Separate  the interior spaces
  • To improve the building appearance
  • To provide privacy
MATERIAL FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION
  • Timber, brick, concrete block, reinforced concrete can be used for wall construction.
  • Good for wall construction due it’s durability, beauty and able to provide comfortable area
  • Cengal is suitable to be used at hot and cold climate area
  • Meranti can be used for all types of construction in the building.
  • Reinforced concrete used for precast concrete panel

WALL CLASIFICATION

There are 2 types of wall that is:
a) Load Bearing Wall
Able to carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation.
b)      Non Load Bearing Wall

Only carry their own weight
LOAD BEARING WALL
It can be exterior wall or interior wall. It brace from the roof to the floor.
  • Pre Cast Concrete Wall
  • Retaining Wall
  • Masonry Wall
  • Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
  • Engineering Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)
  • Stone Wall
  • As the height of the building increased, required thickness of wall and resulting stress on foundation will also increase and cause it to be uneconomical.
Types of walls
Load bearing wall types

Able To Carry Other Structure Weight Beside Its Own Weight
Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Loads on Walls
Removing a section of a load bearing wall to create a pass-through requires adding a new beam and columns to support the floor above.
Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)
Fig:    Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)
Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
Fig: Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wallMasonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wallMasonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Fig: Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Fig: Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall 
Fig; Masonry Wall

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall 
Fig: Load Bearing Retaining Wall
NON LOAD BEARING WALL
  • known as interior wall (doesn’t carry  other load than its own load)
  • Types of non load bearing wall
    a) Hollow Concrete Block
    b) Façade Bricks
    c) Hollow Bricks
    d) Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)
Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wallMasonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall 
Fig: Brick Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall 
Fig: Semi Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall 
Fig: Façade Brick Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall 
Fig: Hollow Concrete Block Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)
BRICK’S BONDING
  • Stretcher Bond
  • English Bond
  • Flemish Bond
  • Raking Bond
  • English Garden Wall Bond
  • Common / American Bond
  • Flemish Garden Wall Bond
  • Running Bond
  • Herringbone Bond
 
Fig: Header: A brick which is laid in a way that only the short end is visible in the wall

Fig: Stretcher: A brick which is laid in a way that allows only the longer side of the brick to be exposed.
Stretcher Bond

Fig: Flemish Bond
Alternate bricks are placed as header and stretcher in every course. Each header is placed centrally between the stretchers immediately above and below. This is not  as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick . Can be successfully applied in cavity wall.
Flemish Bond, Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall

Fig: English Bond
Alternative courses of headers and stretchers; one header placed centrally above each stretcher. This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1 brick thick (or thicker). One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.
Stretcher Bond, Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall 
Fig: Stretcher Bond
Easiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount of cutting required. Originally used for single brick walls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became the obvious choice for cavity walls as less cutting was required.
Recking Bond 
Fig: Raking Bond

Herringbone and diagonal bonds can be effective within an exposed framed construction, or contained within restraining brick courses.
 
Fig: English Garden Wall Bond
An alternative version of English bond with header courses being inserted at every fourth or sixth course. This is a correspondingly weaker bond. Suitable for free standing wall.

Fig: Common / American Bond
A brickwork pattern in which all rows are stretchers, except an eighth row of headers
 
Fig: Flemish Garden Wall Bond

In this variant of Flemish bond, one header is placed at every third stretcher
Fig: Running Bond
Consist of all stretchers. No header used in this bond so metal ties are used. Cavity wall construction & veneered walls of brick.
Fig: Herringbone Bond
It is a purely decorative bond. It is used in floor and wall panels.
CAVITY WALL
  • “A wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with a
    space / cavity between them”
  • “A type of building wall construction
    consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner
    wall separated by an air space”
FUNCTION
To prevent the penetration of rain to the   internal surface of the wall

Cavity Wall
SHEAR WALL
  • A framed wall designed to resist lateral wall. It is a vertical elements of the horizontal
    force resisting system
  • It is used to resist wind and earthquake loading on a building.
  • It is typically a wood frame stud walls covered with a structural sheathing material
    like plywood.
Shear Wall, Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
WALL FAILURE
Vertical bowing and horizontal bending or collapse of wall is usually caused by the wall not resisting vertical pressures from foundation or upper floors & roofs or horizontal pressures     from strong winds and retained earth.
Usual cause for failure of wall are as follows:
   – Overloading the wall, deflection of beam above the wall will affect the wall below.
   – Foundation failure
   – Earthquake
   – Timber pest damage weakened the timber wall
   – Poor workmanship (improper brickwork)
Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Fig: Brick Wall Crack

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Fig: Brick Wall Failure At The Roof Level

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Fig: Cracked Wall

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Fig: Failure In Brick Wall

Masonry Wall Design, Shear wall, concrete wall
Fig: Wall Failure Due To Earthquake

Comments

Nilex Inc said…
The post is very informative, thanks for the sharing, I will come back again read some more interesting posts & my post is related to your post Precast Concrete Blocks For Retaining Walls
29 October 2021 at 23:45
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